Fire • Police • Ambulance
911

UC Police
642-6760
24-hour service

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (EH&S)
642-3073
hazardous spills, general info, etc.

OFFICE OF PHYSICAL RESOURCES (OPR)
642-6556
24-hour service: elevators, electricity, water, ventilation, sewer, grounds

OFFICE OF RADIATION SAFETY (ORS)
643-8414

ETCHEVERRY HALL BUILDING MANAGER
Dan Essley, 1109 Etcheverry Hall
642-7789

Nuclear Engineering Office and Phone List

FACULTY

Room #

Phone

E-Mail

Joonhong Ahn

4157
4126B

642-5107

ahn@nuc.berkeley.edu

Ehud Greenspan

4107

643-9983

gehud@nuc.berkeley.edu

Daniel M. Kammen

310 Barrows
4152

3-2243

dkammen@socrates.berkeley.edu

William E. Kastenberg

4103
4151

643-0574

kastenbe@nuc.berkeley.edu

Michael Lederer

4109

642-9590 x204

lederer@uclink4.berkeley.edu

Ka-Ngo Leung

LBNL

486-7918

knleung@lbl.gov

Edward C. Morse

4115
1140

642-7275
642-1984

morse@nuc.berkeley.edu

Donald R. Olander

4169,
1107, 4164

642-7055

olander@nuc.berkeley.edu

Per F. Peterson

4155
4118

643-7749

peterson@nuc.berkeley.edu

Stanley G. Prussin

4113

642-5274,
642-5273

prussin@uclink4.berkeley.edu

Jasmina L. Vujic, Chair

4105

643-8085

vujic@nuc.berkeley.edu

STAFF

Room #

Phone

E-Mail

Selpha Odero , Manager
Department Administrator

4159

642-5010

odero@berkeley.edu

Crystal Chen
Account Administrator

4163

642-5015

crystal@nuc.berkeley.edu

Dan Essley,
Principal Lab Mechanician

1110

642-7789

dessley@nuc.berkeley.edu

Marija Drezgic, Web Design
Computer Resource Specialist

4155

642-4077

marijad@nuc.berkeley.edu

Bill King ,
Systems Administrator

1108

642-1021

bking@nuc.berkeley.edu

Lisa Zemelman ,
Student Services

4149

642-5760

lisaz@nuc.berkeley.edu

Laboratories,
Student Offices

Room #

Phone

Computer Lab (Vujic)

1106

643-9273

Reactor Room (Morse)

1140

642-1984

Experimental Area (Morse)

1140

642-5224

Thermal Hydraulics Lab (Peterson)

4118

642-0421

Nuclear Materials Labs (Olander)

4164, 1107

2-7158; 2-7789

Nuclear Waste Research Lab (Ahn)

4126B

643-2065

RAEL Lab (Kammen)

4152

642-2243

Grad Students (TA’s, 1^st year)

4126

642-2130

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

ILLNESS & INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

• Evacuation Procedures
• Fires
• Earthquakes
• Other Emergencies
• Injuries
• Elevator Failures
• Flooding/Plumbing Failure
• Hazardous and Toxic Spills
• Gas Leak and Other Utility Failures

FIRE SAFETY PLAN

• Fighting Small Fires
• Fire Prevention

POWER FAILURES

• Planning for Power Failures
• If the Electricity Goes off While You are in a Lab
• When the Electricity Returns

BUILDING SECURITY

• Unauthorized Persons in the Building

PERSONAL SAFETY

OFFICE SAFETY

COMPUTER SAFETY

LABORATORY SAFETY

• General Guidelines
• Personal Safety in the Lab
• Lifting Loads Safely
• General Laboratory Safety
• Electrical Safety
• Mechanical Safety
• Crane Safety

CHEMICAL SAFETY

• Storage
• MSDSs (Material Safety Data Sheets)
• How to Read and Understand an MSDS
• How to get MSDSs
• Waste Disposal
• Drain Disposal
• Building Trash
• Hazardous Waste Disposal Procedures
• Exceptionally Hazardous Chemicals

RADIATION SAFETY

I) RADIATION PHYSICS

A) A Basic Review
B) Types of Radiation and Characteristics
C) Radiation Interaction with Matter and Attenuation (Shielding)

II) RADIATION UNITS

III) DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT

IV) RADIATION BIOLOGY

A) Natural Background and Man Made Radiation Doses
B) Internal verses External Exposure
C) Acute verses Chronic Doses and Effects
D) Somatic verses Genetic Effects
E) Radiation Risk Models and the ALARA Concept
F) Risk verses Benefit

V) ALLOWED OCCUPATIONAL AND NON-OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION DOSES

VI) RADIATION CONTROL METHODOLOGY

A) The ALARA Concept
B) Limiting External Radiation Exposure
C) Preventing Internal Radiation Exposure
D) Dosimetry
E) Radioisotope Handling Methods
F) Posting and labeling of Radiation Use Locations

VII) UCB RADIATION SAFETY PROGRAM DOCUMENTS

LASER SAFETY

• UCB Laser Safety Operation Guidelines
• Administration Guidelines
• Laser Protective Eyewear for Alignments

REPORTING HAZARDS

ENSURING COMPLIANCE WITH THE IIPP

CAMPUS RESOURCES

The University is required by law to maintain an Injury and Illness Prevention Program for all employees. For your own personal safety, it is essential that:

• You are aware of the potential hazards in your working area.
• You know whom to contact in the event of an emergency.
• You know the procedures to follow in the event of an emergency.

The Nuclear Engineering Safety Committee has prepared this Safety Manual as a training tool and a reference for department members. It presents a summary of emergency procedures and guidelines for some of the most commonly encountered safety problems. It is not intended to supersede University, State, or Federal safety regulations.

All persons working in Nuclear Engineering offices or labs are required to read this manual and comply with its provisions.

Personal copies of this manual are given to all graduate students, staff and faculty. In addition, each laboratory and administrative office must keep a reference copy of the NE Safety Manual, to be available to all employees during working hours. Laboratory Safety Contacts are responsible for maintaining the reference copy of the Safety Manual for their unit. Supplemental safety materials relevant to the individual lab or office may be added. Copies of any supplemental material must be given to the NE Safety Committee.

Under the provisions of the Injury and Illness Prevention Program, each department has an IIPP Coordinator who is responsible for initiating and administering injury and illness prevention activities. The IIPP Coordinator maintains written documentation for the program. In addition, faculty, principal investigators, and supervisors have direct responsibility for implementing procedures and practices in their own units. Each laboratory is also required to have a "Chemical Hygiene Plan" which provides specific guidelines for that work area. The Chemical Hygiene Plan is maintained by the Lab Safety Contact. In the event of any problem or question, you should know that the following sources of information and assistance are available to you at all times:

• IIPP Coordinator, Jasmina L. Vujic, Professor and Chair, 4155 Etcheverry Hall, 3-7749
• Safety Contact for your Lab or Office.
• Safety Committee Members.
• Etcheverry Hall Building Manager - Dan Essley, 1109 Etcheverry Hall, 642-7789
• Office of Environment, Health & Safety - 2-3073

If you have a safety concern, "Report of Unsafe Condition or Hazard" forms are available outside Rm. 4108 Etcheverry Hall. A report may be turned in to any member of the NE Safety Committee.

Injury and Illness Prevention Program (IIPP)

The Nuclear Engineering Injury and Illness Prevention Program (IIPP) is intended to establish a framework for identifying and correcting workplace hazards within the department, while addressing legal requirements for a formal, written IIPP The Department Chair has primary authority and responsibility to ensure departmental implementation of the IIPP and to ensure the health and safety of the department's faculty, staff and students. This is accomplished by communicating the Berkeley campus's emphasis on health and safety, analyzing work procedures for hazard identification and correction, ensuring regular workplace inspections, providing health and safety training, and encouraging prompt employee reporting of health and safety concerns without fear of reprisal.

The Nuclear Engineering Safety Committee has the ongoing responsibility to maintain and update the IIPP, to assess departmental compliance with applicable regulations and campus policies, to evaluate reports of unsafe conditions, and to coordinate any necessary corrective actions. The Safety Committee meets quarterly and includes representatives from the technical staff and the major experimental groups, including Fusion, Thermal Hydraulics, and Nuclear Materials. Each employee has a designated representative on the committee. Currently (3/01), the department's Safety Committee consists of:

• E. C. Morse, Chair
• Donghua Xu , Postdoctoral Researcher in Nuclear Materials
• Philippe Bardet , Postdoctoral Researcher in Thermal Hydraulics
• Dan Essley, Mechanical Technician
• Cristian Galvez, Graduate student instructor, lab courses
• Lisa Zemelman, Graduate Assistant (Comittee Secretary)

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

It is expected that every person working in the Department will act responsibly in any Department emergency. In most cases the observer of an emergency is faced with the decision to leave the scene to summon help or to stay and provide help. The basic rule is as follows:

Unless you are sure that you are not putting yourself in any danger and you know you can make a difference, summon help.

The Etcheverry Hall Emergency Plan was prepared by Dan Essley. This 25-page document contains details for handling any emergency in Etcheverry Hall. Essential matters are summarized below.

Evacuation Procedures

EXIT BUILDING VIA THE STAIRWAYS. DO NOT USE ELEVATORS. Take time to familiarize yourself with evacuation routes in advance. Maps showing location of all emergency exits and fire alarms and extinguishers are posted on all floors.

ASSIST THE INJURED AND HANDICAPPED WHEN POSSIBLE. Do not move the seriously injured unless there is danger of further injury. Ask disabled persons in wheelchairs how best to assist them. If there are deaf or hearing impaired persons nearby, be sure they know there is an emergency. If it is necessary to leave someone in the building, try to leave him in a relatively secure place (e.g., the stairwell is one of the safer places to be in a fire). After you have evacuated the building, find the proper officials and report the location and condition of persons who need assistance.

DESIGNATED SAFETY OFFICERS FOR INDIVIDUAL LABS AND OFFICES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CLEARING ALL ROOMS IN THEIR UNIT. Efforts to clear rooms should be limited to five minutes. As rooms are cleared, all doors should be closed. Safety Contacts must go immediately to nearest Emergency Control Point to verify that their unit has been fully evacuated and to report any problems.

ONCE OUTSIDE THE BUILDING, keep at least 100 feet away from the building to avoid danger from falling glass, etc. GO DIRECTLY TO THE MEETING AREA NEXT TO SANDBOX EAST OF ETCHEVERRY HALL.

DO NOT RE-ENTER THE BUILDING UNTIL POLICE OR FIRE PERSONNEL HAVE DETERMINED THAT IT IS SAFE.

Fires (see also fire safety plan below)

IF THE FIRE ALARM SOUNDS, TURN OFF ANY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT YOU ARE OPERATING AND EVACUATE THE BUILDING IMMEDIATELY. Close all doors to help prevent fires from spreading. Exit via stairwells. Do not use elevators.

TO REPORT A FIRE: PULL NEAREST FIRE ALARM, and CALL 9-911 TO GIVE LOCATION AND EXTENT OF FIRE. State if there are any special circumstances, such as the presence of animals or dangerous chemicals. Fire alarms in Etcheverry are located near the elevator at each end of thebuilding and in hallways of each floor (look for small red boxes on the wall).

DO NOT ATTEMPT TO FIGHT A FIRE UNLESS YOU HAVE BEEN TRAINED IN FIRE EXTINGUISHER USE AND THE FIRE IS VERY SMALL. If your lab or office does not have an extinguisher, there are extinguishers located throughout hallways on each floor. When fighting a fire, always position yourself between the exit and the fire to ensure an escape route. IF THE FIRE CANNOT BE CONTAINED, GET OUT QUICKLY!

Earthquakes

The Berkeley Campus lies on an active fault. It is very likely that at some time there will be a major earthquake affecting the campus.

SEEK SHELTER UNDER A DESK, TABLE, COUNTER, OR DOOR FRAME. If possible, move away from experimental setups, tall bookcases, and glass windows. If outside, move into open areas away from overhead power lines.

DO NOT ATTEMPT TO LEAVE BUILDING WHILE TREMOR IS OCCURRING. (If outside, remain outside.)

WHEN TREMOR STOPS, LEAVE BUILDING AS SOON AS IT APPEARS SAFE. DO NOT USE THE ELEVATOR. CARRY OR ASSIST DISABLED PERSONS DOWN THE STAIRS. In case of possible gas leaks, do not light matches and do not operate electrical switches or appliances. Flashlights are ok.

DO NOT TIE UP PHONE LINES EXCEPT TO REPORT EXTREME EMERGENCIES. Help keep phone lines from being overloaded by replacing any receivers that have been knocked off their hook. An emergency phone is located at the North Gate entrance to campus.

Other Emergencies

Injuries. For life-threatening emergencies, CALL 9-911 for medical aid and for transportation to hospital. For less serious injuries or illness, first-aid can be obtained at University Health Service, 2222 Bancroft Way (2-3188). Report all injuries to room 6139 Etcheverry and complete an injury report form.

Elevator Failures. Report elevator problems to the Facilities Office (2-1032) or the Building Manager (John Souza, 2-3314). During non-business hours, report emergencies directly to the Office of Physical Resources, 2-6556. If there are people trapped inside the elevator, try to communicate to them that help is on the way. If you are trapped inside, call for help by pressing the alarm bell or using the emergency phone in the elevator. (You can access a direct phone line to campus police by pressing the red emergency button located down at knee level on the control panel.)

Flooding/Plumbing Failure. Call for help immediately: 2-1032 (Physical Plant) after-hrs. : 2-6556. If flooding occurs around energized electrical devices, do not touch equipment. Cut power source at main electrical panel.

Hazardous and Toxic Spills. Call EH&S (2-3073) for assistance and advice on spills of any quantity involving materials on the following list:

• carcinogens and mutagenic materials
• radioisotopes (call Radiation Safety, 3-8414)
• bio-hazardous materials
• highly toxic chemicals
• concentrated acids and bases

If the spill presents an EXTREME hazard, evacuate the building. Pull the fire alarm, dial 9-911 and give exact location and nature of spill. If you are unfamiliar with the toxicity of the substance you are working with, contact your supervisor. Minor spills should be cleaned up promptly.

Gas Leak and Other Utility Failures. Report immediately to: 2-1032 (after hours 2-6556) (Office of Physical Resources), or John Souza at 2-3314. If necessary, evacuate building by pulling fire alarm and notify Police by calling 9-911 or 2-6760. In the event of gas leaks, do not operate any electrical switches as this may produce sparks. Flashlights are ok.

Know what to do in the event of a fire. Become familiar with the emergency response procedures listed above. More detailed information is included below.

Always pull the fire alarm first (or send someone to do this), before attempting to fight a fire. Do not try to fight a fire unless you feel it can be done safely and there is a clear escape route.

Know where the closest fire extinguisher is located. Also, be sure you are using the proper type of extinguisher: A = paper only; ABC = multi-purpose; B=flammable liquids; C = electrical equipment.

If your laboratory or office does not have its own extinguisher, there are several available throughout the building on each floor. These are mounted in several places along each hallway.

Before opening any doors to investigate a possible fire, feel the top part of the door with the back of your hand. If it is hot, do not open the door. If door is cool, open it a crack to see if the fire is still confined and small; if not, close door and leave immediately.

If the fire is small, enter the room and try to extinguish the flames. Direct the extinguisher at the base of the fire. Be careful to keep yourself between the fire and the door. Do not allow the fire to block your exit from the room.

If you are able to put out a fire successfully, remain at the site to make a report to the Fire Department or UCPD.

Fire Extinguishers. It is recommended that each laboratory order its own fire extinguisher through the Office of Physical Resources. If an extinguisher is installed by OPR, it will automatically be scheduled for an annual inspection and will be refilled when necessary.

In areas where combustibles are used and stored, remove all open flame devices and use grounded electrical devices in good service condition.

Use only approved containers for combustible waste. A list of containers approved by the State Fire Marshal is available from EH&S (2-1550).

Remove all combustibles and obstructions from corridors and exits.

Familiarize yourself with alternative exits. Walk through them now; this will make it easier for you during an emergency. (Remember, do not use elevators during a fire.)

Report problems with fire alarms, fire extinguishers, or other built-in fire protection to the Building Coordinator or the Campus Fire Marshal (2-1550). Other potential fire hazards should also be reported. For example: defective exit doors or defective exit lights, obstructed corridors, accumulated waste materials.

Special training courses, films, and technical training advice are available from EH&S Training Staff (2-4400).

Like any other part of the infrastructure, electrical power to the campus can fail, either as an isolated incident or as part of a larger emergency. Planning for power failures and knowing what to do when they happen can keep the incident from creating a disaster for your research and possibly you. Familiarize yourself with exits and locations of telephones.

Call Ed Morse (642-7275), Dan Essley (642-7789). Bill King (642-1021) or Lisa Zemelman (642-5760) and report your situation.

Shut down experiments that can be run again when power (and safety equipment) is available.

Make sure that any experiments that must continue running are stable and are not creating uncontrolled hazards such as dangerous vapors in a non-functioning fume hood.

Check and secure fume hoods. Stop any operations that may be emitting hazardous vapors. Cap all chemical containers that are safe to cap, and then close the fume hood sashes. Leave the room if you notice any odors or physical symptoms.

Check equipment on emergency power. It will take 20-30 seconds for the emergency power to kick in. Items not permanently connected to these outlets should not be connected during a power interruption.

Disconnect equipment that runs unattended, and turn off unnecessary lights and equipment. This will reduce the risk of power surges and other unforeseen damage or injury that could result when the power comes on unexpectedly.

Check items stored in cold rooms and refrigerators. You may need to transfer vulnerable items to equipment served by emergency power. Another solution is to use dry ice to protect critical materials. Note: Do not use dry ice in walk-in refrigerators or other confined areas as hazardous concentrations of carbon dioxide gas will accumulate.

Reset/restart/check equipment. In particular, check that the air flow of your fume hood has been restored. If your fume hood has not automatically re-started, call your zone's PP-CS representative. Keep the sashes closed, and do not use the hood until the ventilation system is working again.

In recent years, thefts of personal property and equipment from the campus have been serious, and the threat of personal injury always exists. All exterior doors must be kept shut during hours they are locked and, whenever possible, office and lab doors, should be locked. Valuable personal property (wallets, purses, etc.) that you bring to the campus should be kept on your person or in locked drawers or cabinets.

Be aware that the University specifically excludes personal property from its insurance coverage. Students and staff should arrange for valuable mail (checks, etc.) to be delivered to their homes. Report all thefts or mysterious disappearances at your first opportunity to Dan Essley at 642-7789.

During regular work hours

If you observe any unauthorized person (anyone whose actions appear suspicious) in the building, challenge his/her presence unless you feel uncomfortable doing so. The challenge must not be confrontational. Simply ask the question, "May I help you?". Depending on the level of your comfort, and upon receiving an answer, continue the questioning or stop. Any time that you conclude that the person might be unauthorized, call the Campus Police (2-6760) and report the incident. Make sure you can describe the person and the direction that he/she is going.

During off-work hours

If you observe any unauthorized person (anyone whose actions appear suspicious) in or around the building do NOT challenge his/her presence. Go to the nearest telephone and report the incident to the police by calling 9-911. Make sure you can describe the person and the direction that he/she is going. When approaching a building entrance, observe if anyone is loitering around the area where he/she might attempt to enter behind you.

If anyone is loitering, use another entrance if possible.

If anyone attempts to enter behind you, and only if you feel comfortable, advise that he/she is not allowed to enter the building.

If a person enters behind you and you do not feel comfortable talking, ignore his/her presence, go to a telephone as soon as possible and report the incident to the police by calling 9-911.

You can significantly reduce your chances of being the victim of an accident or a crime by taking some simple precautions:

• Be aware of your surroundings at all times
• Report suspicious persons to the Campus Police (2-6760)
• Close and lock your office or lab door when working after hours
• Let another person know where you are and how long you expect to be there
• Keep your personal belongings out of sight
• Walk in pairs or groups after dark, or dial B-SAFE for an escort

The campus has several resources for information on crime prevention and training in safety techniques and self-defense. See the Public Safety and Transportation Services Home Page for futher details.

Reporting a Crime: Call 9-911 if personal danger or injury.

Call 2-6760 to report a theft.

Call 2-1032 for a building maintenance emergency (2-6556 after hours).

Reporting an Injury: Call 9-911 if serious. For minor injuries, report to the University Health Service at 2222 Bancroft Way. All injuries should be reported within 24 hours to the Department Manager, Selpha Odero.

Staff who work exclusively in offices should be aware that they have the RIGHT TO KNOW any laboratory hazards in the surrounding area and they should feel free to discuss any questions or concerns with any member of the Department Safety Committee.

It is the responsibility of each employee to perform his or her job in a safe manner. Safety is as important in the office as it is in the laboratory.

Offices should be inspected by the occupants for earthquake hazards. Tall bookshelves and cabinets (including lateral file cabinets) must be anchored to the wall or made secure by other approved means (contact Dan Essley at 642-7789). There should be no overhead storage that could create a falling hazard.

Extension cords are not to be used. Approved multi-plug strips may be used as long as they have an internal breaker and are not run in series with other cords (daisy-chained). All cords should be inspected for wear, frayed cords are to be replaced.

Use of space heaters has been specifically prohibited by the State Fire Marshal. Problems with room heat should be reported to Physical Plant, 2-1032.

Furniture arrangement in offices should permit a quick exit in an emergency. Quantities of paper or other combustibles must be kept at a minimum.

EH&S (2-3073) has many brochures available regarding display terminals (VDT) and other office machinery.

As more and more activities --work, study , recreation --involve computers, everyone needs to be aware of the hazard of Repetitive Strain Injury to the hands and arms resulting from the use of computer keyboards and mice. This can be a serious and very painful condition that is far easier to prevent than to cure once contracted, and can occur even in young physically fit individuals. It is not uncommon for people to have to leave computer-dependent careers as a result, or even to be permanently disabled and unable to perform tasks such as driving or dressing themselves.

What are the Symptoms of RSI?

• Tightness, discomfort, stiffness, soreness or burning in the hands, wrists, fingers, forearms, or elbows
• Tingling, coldness, or numbness in the hands
• Clumsiness or loss of strength and coordination in the hands
• Pain that wakes you up at night
• Feeling a need to massage your hands, wrists, and arms

Correct typing technique and posture, the right equipment setup, and good work habits are much more important for prevention than ergonomic gadgets like split keyboards or wrist rests. Emerging research suggests that a monitor position lower and farther away may be better. The chair and keyboard should be set so that the thighs and forearms are level (or sloping slightly down away from the body), and that the wrists are straight and level - not bent far down or way back. If the table is too high to permit this, you may do better to put the keyboard in your lap. The typist should be sitting straight, not slouching, and should not have to stretch forward to reach the keys or read the screen. Anything that creates awkward reaches or angles in the body will create problems. Please note that even a "perfect" posture may result in problems if it is held rigidly for long periods of time: relax, MOVE and shift positions frequently. This isn't just about your hands and arms, either: the use or misuse of your shoulders, back and neck may be even more important than what's happening down at your wrists.

Handouts offering guidelines and advice about proper computer use and various techniques for preventing health problems associated with computer use are available in 4149 Etcheverry.

Basic information is summarized here:

Keyboard/Mouse Height: The height of the keyboard and mouse should allow the user to sit with shoulders relaxed, elbows bent, and forearms, wrists, and hands approximately parallel to the floor. The keyboard angle should be adjusted to promote a neutral/flat position of the wrists. This may be achieved in a number or combination of ways, such as:

• A bi-level table easily adjustable for screen and keyboard height
• A lower or higher table that promotes a straight wrist while keying (ie., a table height approximately two inches below the user's elbow)
• A height adjustable keyboard tray that can be attached to existing desk or table and provides both the appropriate keyboard/mouse height and adequate leg room for the user
• A mouse tray
• A chair that is height adjustable; may need to provide footrest
• A keyboard that is detachable from the monitor and adjustable for angle

Screen height: The top of the display screen should be approximately at, but no higher than, eye level; lower and possibly closer for bi-focal wearers. The user should not have to assume awkward neck postures to view the screen or hard copy documents. Retrofitting options include the following:

• Bi-level table adjustable for screen and keyboard height
• Raise monitor by putting it on top of hard disk drive, boxes, or books
• Lower monitor by removing it from the hard disk drive or other platform
• Adjustable monitor arm

Firm posture support: Chairs should firmly support a comfortable posture, providing support to the lower back region and avoiding pressure on the back of the thighs. Retrofitting may include a number or combination of options such as:

• Chair adjustable for height and tilt of seatpan and backrest. VDT users should be able to adjust chairs from seated position without use of tools.
• Armrests, if provided, should be height adjustable or removable to avoid interfering with natural movement of the arms
• Lumbar support cushion if chair does not provide adequate lower back support
• Seat cushion or seat wedge
• Footrest if VDT user's feet do not rest firmly and comfortably on the floor

Wrist support: Wrist rests may be helpful in promoting a neutral/flat position of the wrists. Retrofitting options include:

• Padded, movable wrist rest, same height as keyboard home row
• A cushioned mouse pad

Accessories: Workstation accessories can prevent awkward neck positions. Accessories that should be provided if needed include:

• Document holders adjustable to screen height for users who type from hard copy documents
• Lightweight telephone headsets for users assigned to continuous telephone work in conjunction with VDT use

Lighting: Overhead lights, windows, or other light sources may contribute to visual discomfort. It is generally recommended that room lighting for use of VDTs with dark background screens be lowered to about half of normal office lighting. External sources of light (windows, overhead lights, etc.) should not be in the visual field of the VDT user, nor should their reflections be visible on the screen.

Temporarily shield peripheral light sources from view with a file folder. If this provides relief, try to eliminate the bright source in one of the following ways:

• Use blinds or curtains over windows when necessary
• Position monitor screen at right angle to window
• Turn off some overhead lights; use task lighting, if needed
• Remove every other fluorescent bulb, if necessary
• Position monitors to avoid direct light in user's eyes

Screen reflections: Reflections on the screen reduce text visibility by decreasing screen contrast. Turn off the computer and look for bright reflections on the screen. Eliminate these reflections in one of the following ways:

• Position monitor to avoid direct light on user's screen
• Use blinds or curtains over windows when necessary
• Position screen between banks of overhead lights
• Position monitor screen at right angle to window
• Make cardboard glare hood for top of monitor
• Use glare screen (glass preferred)

LABORATORY SAFETY

General Guidelines

Research labs and shops are full of potential hazards that can cause serious injury. Working alone in laboratories is forbidden if you are working with hazardous substances or equipment. At least two people should be present so that one can shut down equipment and call for help in the event of an emergency. Working alone in any kind of lab is not recommended under any circumstances, but if you must do so, notify someone of your location.

Although all N.E. staff and students are expected to have appropriate English-language ability, many foreign languages are spoken in the department. If there is a need for training in another language, please notify the safety committee.

Safety training should be provided by a faculty member, lab safety contact, or staff member at the beginning of a new assignment or when a new hazard is introduced into the workplace. Particularly hazardous substances may require campus registration and approval. Such material includes radioactive, biohazardous, and regulated carcinogens. Check with EH&S (2-3073) or N.E. Safety Committee if in doubt about approval requirements for a substance.

Lab-specific hazard and emergency information is contained in the Chemical Hygiene Plan (flip chart) posted in every lab. Lab safety contacts are responsible for filling in the appropriate lab-specific information.

All laboratory personnel are entitled to a medical consultation and examination under certain conditions (possible overexposure to hazardous substances, or adverse symptoms associated with chemical use or exposure). Contact the Occupational Health Program (2-1553) to arrange for a medical examination or consultation.

Smoking is not allowed in any indoor areas on campus.

Wear safety glasses or face shields when working with hazardous materials and/or equipment.

Wear gloves when using any hazardous or toxic agent. They should be removed before leaving the lab, using phones, opening refrigerators, or entering common areas.

Wear ear protectors when working with noisy equipment. As a general rule, noise exceeds the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)when persons in the area find it hard to understand one another without raising their voices while standing at arm’s length. Notify your supervisor about possible excessive noise levels in the lab, for detailed guidelines.

Clothing: When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory coats, and safety shield or glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be worn in the lab. Shoes are required when working in the machine shops.

Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by your supervisor.

Pregnant women should take special care with exposure to radiation and certain chemicals which can be harmful to fetal development, see for ffurther information.

Wash hands before leaving the lab and before eating.

Tie back medium length and long hair when working near flames or entangling equipment.

If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors.

• This section includes the chemical name, trade name, chemical formula and the chemical manufacturer's name, address and emergency phone number.

• This section lists any hazardous ingredients found within the chemical. In this section you might also see the terms TLV (Threshold Limit Value) and PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit). Both terms are used to express the highest airborne concentrations of a chemical to which most persons can safely be exposed during a normal workday. The CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers listed in this section identify specific chemicals according to information published by the American Chemical Society.

• This section lists important physical properties of the chemical such as its boiling point, vapor density, percent volatile, appearance, and color. This information helps determine the degree of hazard associated with the chemical in different work environments. For example, vapor density describes theweight of a vapor relative to an equal volume of air (air=1). If a chemical has a vapor density greater than 1, its vapor will be heavier than air and tend to fall and concentrate near the floor.

• This section helps you determine the chemical's flash point, which is the temperature at which a chemical will release enough flammable vapor to ignite. Chemicals that ignite at or below 100deg.F are classified as flammable. In addition, this section usually lists the chemical's upper and lower flammability limits, proper types of extinguishing media required to safely extinguish the fire (example: carbon dioxide, water, foam, etc.), special fire fighting procedures, and any unusual fire or explosion hazards.

5.0 Health Hazard Data

• This section describes health effects associated with overexposure to the chemical through ingestion, inhalation, and skin or eye contact. The information may include the acute (immediate) and chronic (long-term) effects of overexposure to the chemical, whether the chemical is a known carcinogen (cancer-causing agent), emergency and first aid procedures to follow in case of overexposure, and medical conditions that may be aggravated upon contact with the chemical.

6.0 Reactivity Data

• The information in this section helps you determine if the chemical will react with other chemicals or under certain conditions. Chemical that are reactive (unstable) may explode, burn, or release toxic substances under certain conditions. This section usually tells you if the chemical is stable or unstable and lists any chemicals or substances that might be incompatible with the chemical.

7.0 Spill or Leak Procedures

• This section lists the procedures to follow when a chemical is accidentally released or spilled. It will also cover types of clean-up and protective equipment needed to safely contain or clean up a spill as well as proper ways to dispose of the chemical.

8.0 Special Protection Information

• This section lists the personal protective equipment (respirators, gloves, eye protection, etc.) and other precautions the manufacturer recommends for work with the chemical. Remember, there are various types of protective equipment that are specially designed for certain tasks. Consult your supervisor and/or EH&S to ensure you are using the correct type for the work you are performing.

9.0 Special Precautions

• The last section usually discusses special precautions to be taken during handling and storage of the chemical. Also, this section will usually discuss any other health and safety concerns that have not been mentioned elsewhere in the MSDS.

• solutions containing any heavy metals
• organic solvents
• photographic fixer
• chromic acid/sulfuric acid glass washing solutions.
• waste paint and paint thinner
• methanol
• radioactive and biohazardous wastes
• poisons
• strong acids and bases
• motor oil

What CAN go down the drain

• sugar and non-hazardous protein solutions
• liquid detergents
• SOME DILUTE ACIDS AND BASES, (pH<10 or pH>5.5)
• liquid nonmedical waste which has been neutralized/decontaminated with bleach to a final concentration of 1%
• photo developer (pH <10)

Building Trash:

Only non-hazardous materials are allowed in building trash containers. Disposal of hazardous chemicals or medical waste in the building trash is strictly prohibited.

What CAN go into Building Trash

• sugars and some salts
• powdered detergent
• non-hazardous proteins
• sand and clay
• BROKEN OR WASTE GLASSWARE (put in cardboard box, tape box closed, label it "Broken Glassware", and leave for pickup by custodians)

What must be Packaged for EH&S Pickup

• all hazardous lab chemicals
• unused copy machine toner
• photographic chemicals
• pesticides
  
• paint and paint thinners
  
• waste solvents
  
• waste oil
  
• liquid paper white-out
  
• batteries
  
• empty containers with chemical residue
  
• hazardous household chemicals

Hazardous Waste Disposal Procedures

How to Request EH&S Pickups for Waste: Complete a Waste Packing List form and mail to EH&S. Copies of the form are available in 2116 Etcheverry or 30 Hesse. (Telephone requests are not accepted for chemical waste pickup.) The form must include a research grant charge number (e.g. TXxx).

Minor Chemical or Radioactive Spill (i.e., spill involves no immediate health hazard)

• Contain spill.
• Delineate contaminated area at once, cover shoes, and keep all persons away.
• Call EH&S immediately (2-3073). Stay in the area until EH&S arrives. (After 5:00 p.m., call Campus Police, 2-6760).
• Do not attempt decontamination except as expressly directed by EH&S.

Major Contamination (i.e., spill involves potential health hazard)

• Vacate the immediate area, leaving behind clothing and other articles which may be contaminated, and remain in the vicinity.
• Keep all persons out of the area, except monitoring and rescue teams.
• Call EH&S immediately (2-6164) or Campus Police (2-6760) if after 5:00 p.m. Stay in adjacent area until EH&S arrives.
• Do not attempt decontamination except as expressly directed by EH&S.

Exceptionally Hazardous Chemicals

The following list, although not exhaustive, cites some chemicals which are especially hazardous. Read bottle labels and research the hazards and proper handling procedures of the compounds that you use. Particularly hazardous substances may require campus registration and approval. Such material includes radioactive, biohazardous, and regulated carcinogens. Check with EH&S (2-3073) or M.E. Safety Committee if in doubt about approval requirements for a substance. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for chemical substances are available for health and safety information on-line via the university network. See Appendix A, Resources, for access instructions. Selected MSDS may also be available in Room 2116 Etcheverry Hall or from EH&S, 2-3073. Or you may request latest MSDS directly from the product manufacturer, to be mailed or faxed to you.

Ether: Extremely flammable. May form highly explosive peroxides when stored with air (especially true of anhydrous ether). Date ether container when received and when opened. Be very careful when handling old ether containers as peroxides may decompose explosively.

Nitric Acid and Nitrogen Oxides (except nitrous): Gases are given off by heating HNO3 or whenever HNO3 reacts with organic compounds (also some present at room temperature). Inhalation can cause fatal pulmonary edema which may show up within 6-24 hours. Since the bases are not so water-soluble as to be immediately irritating in the upper respiratory tract, a considerable amount may be inhaled before it is noticed. Anyone exposed should remain under observation for 48 hours.

Mercury: Spills can be a hazard because Hg is very difficult to clean up completely. It clings to many kinds of surfaces. EH&S can monitor airborne Hg level before and after clean-up. Fumes are neuro-toxic. Heat can increase airborne concentration. Use special Mercury vacuum for clean-up.

RADIATION SAFETY

The Department of Nuclear Engineering handles all radioactive materials and radiation-producing machines in accordance with policies and standards set forth by the Campus license, the Berkeley Campus Radiation Safety Manual, and the regulations of the governmental agencies involved. The Office of Radiation Safety has the responsibility to ensure that work with radioactive materials and radiation-producing machines is conducted in such a manner as to protect health, minimize danger to life and property and to keep radiation exposure to all personnel as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA). Berkeley Campus Radiation Safety Manual

A copy of the Radiation Safety Manual is kept at all times in the laboratories where radioactive material or radiation-producing machines are used to serve as a reference for persons engaged in a project involving radioactive material or working under the Radiation Use Authorization.

1) RADIATION PHYSICS

A) A Basic Review

The atom is made up of a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The number of protons and electrons determine the chemical nature of the atom. The number of neutrons determines if the atom is stable or radioactive.

All isotopes of a particular element have the same atomic number (number of protons) but different atomic mass (number of neutrons). Because all isotopes of an element have the same atomic number, their chemical nature is identical. However, the radioactive nature of the isotopes vary.

Unstable (or radioactive) isotopes emit energetic particles and/or electromagnetic (EM) radiation in the form of photons. All radioactive isotopes eventually decay to stable isotopes.

Stable isotopes can be made radioactive (activated) by bombardment with energetic protons in particle accelerators or neutrons in nuclear reactors.

Radioactive decay is a disintegration process by which a radioactive isotope radiates energy in order to become a stable isotope.

Radioactive decay is random when observed for short periods. Only by observing over long periods of time does a regular pattern emerge. This pattern of decay we call the physical half-life.

The half-life is defined as the time required for half of the atoms of a particular isotope to decay. The value of the half-life is specific to the isotope and may vary from microseconds to thousands of years.

The half-life has been determined for each isotope, and can be used to perform decay calculations.

As a rule, whenever an isotope has undergone 10 half-lives, enough atoms will have decayed to make the radiation field emitted indistinguishable from the "background" level.

B) Types of Radiation and Characteristics

EM radiations (photons) differ in frequency, wavelength and energy. The EM spectrum diagram below shows the break point between ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation. This training program will discuss only ionizing radiation. By definition, ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to disrupt the structure of an atom, causing the formation of charged ion pairs. These ions can cause chemical changes (damage) in human tissue.

Ionizing radiation falls into two categories: directly ionizing and indirectly ionizing. Ionizing radiation emitted may be photons (EM) or particles.

Alpha radiation is directly ionizing. Alpha particles are Helium nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons. They have a charge of +2, a mass of 4 AU (atomic units), and are very energetic, on the order of 3 to 5 MeV (million electron volts; particle energy is measured in the eV or electron volt).

The large charge and great mass makes them readily interact with matter, giving them a short range (a few centimeters in air). They are of no concern as an external radiation hazard, but can be a hazard if alpha emitting isotopes enter the body through contamination.

Beta particles are directly ionizing energetic electrons emitted from the atom as a spectrum of energies. The average energy of the betas emitted is about 1/3 of the maximum energy beta emitted. The mass of the beta is 1/1800 of an AU and it has a charge of + (positron) or - 1. The range of a beta is dependent on it's energy and the material it is traveling in. For example; a P-32 beta has a range in air of about 7 meters.

Bremsstrahlung (x-rays) and gamma rays are photons with no mass or charge. Photons are emitted at a discrete energy which depends on the isotope. They are indirectly ionizing EM radiations with no charge or mass.

The range of EM radiation is theoretically infinite. Depending on the energy of the photon, a half-value layer may be determined for a specific shielding material that defines the thickness required to reduce the radiation field intensity by one half.

Neutrons are indirectly ionizing particles with no charge, but with a mass of 1 AU. They are produced only in particle accelerators, nuclear reactors, and isotopic neutron generators. The energy of the neutron is dependent on it's source, and neutrons may be found as a spectrum of energies. They are shielded with low Z materials such as water or borated polyethylene.

C) Radiation Interaction with Matter and Attenuation (Shielding)

Radiation shielding is a matter of attenuation. Particles or EM radiation deposit energy in the shielding material and are thereby attenuated. Energy deposited in the shield cannot be absorbed in tissue. This reduces the radiation hazard.

The ranges of various particulate radiations are well known. These values can be used to determine the type and thickness of material required to reduce or stop particulate radiation.

Alpha particles, due to their mass and charge, readily interact with matter and are stopped by a single sheet of notebook paper.

Low Z materials should be used to shield beta particles. For example: all P-32 betas will be attenuated in 0.8 cm. of Lucite. In general, 1.0 cm. of Lucite is sufficient to absorb any beta radiation.

Using high Z materials to shield betas may result in Bremsstrahlung production, replacing the beta hazard with an x-ray hazard.

The range of EM radiation is theoretically infinite. Shielding is accomplished by use of the half-value layers. A half-value layer is the thickness of a material necessary to reduce the radiation intensity by 50%. Lead, concrete, or steel are the best shielding materials for photons. See the diagram in the Appendix.

II) RADIATION UNITS

The Curie (Ci) is the unit of radioactivity. It is equal to 3.7 x 10 ¹⁰ (nuclear) disintegrations per second (dps) or 2.22 x 10¹² disintegrations per minute (dpm). The international unit used is the Becquerel (Bq) which is equal to 1 dps.

Because the Ci is so large and the Bq is so small, we often use prefixes to define levels of activity. Examples of these prefixes follow:

The Roentgen (R) is the unit of radiation exposure (ionization in air). The R (or mR) is the unit usually seen on the meter face of Geiger counters.

The Rad (Roentgen Absorbed Dose) and Gy (the Gray is equal to 100 Rads) are the units of absorbed energy dose. The Rad is most often used in medical applications.

The Rem (Roentgen Equivalent Man) and Sv (the Sievert is equal to 100 Rem) are indexes of biological harm relating the damage done by various energetic particles and EM radiations. The Rem is also called the unit of risk. Dosimetry reports (reports of absorbed dose) are always expressed in mRem.

QF (quality factors) are used to relate the RBE (relative biological effectiveness) of different types of radiation. Rad (or R) x QF = Rem. Quality factors are as follows: 1 for beta, gamma, and x-rays, 10 for neutrons, and 20 for alpha particles.

Radiation exposure field measurements are expressed in mR/hr dose rates.

III) DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT

Ionizing radiation is not detectable with the human senses. Radiation survey instruments are therefore used to determine the presence of radiation fields.

Geiger Mueller (or GM) detectors are the most common type of survey instrument. They detect the ion pairs formed when beta, gamma or x-ray radiation cause ionizations in the gas in the detector. GM survey meters read out in mR/hr or cpm. See the diagram in the Appendix.

The accuracy of GM survey meters depends on the energy of the radiation being measured. They are used to detect betas and gamma photons. GM METERS WILL NOT DETECT THE LOW ENERGY BETAS PRODUCED BY TRITIUM.

Solid scintillator detectors utilize a solid NaI crystal with a photo multiplier tube. These Instruments are most useful in detecting gamma radiation. The thickness of the NaI crystal determines the energy efficiency of the detector. Thin crystals are used to detect low energy gammas like I-125.

Liquid scintillation counting (or LSC) uses photo multiplier tubes to amplify light produced by a radioactive sample immersed in a vial of liquid scintillation cocktail. LSC is used to count wipe samples for contamination.

Radiation detection methods vary in counting efficiency for various isotopes. Counts per minute (cpm) are not the same as disintegrations per minute (dpm), but rather relate to one another as: cpm/efficiency = dpm.

Counting statistics are important in interpreting LSC results. The higher the count rate, the greater the accuracy and confidence of the count. A background count performed on a control blank vial is essential in interpreting results.

IV) RADIATION BIOLOGY

A) Natural Background and Man Made Radiation Doses

Each of us receive about 300 mRem/year from natural sources. These include solar cosmic radiation, radon (gases) from soils, and internal dose from K-40.

We also receive about 70 mRem from man made sources, primarily from medical applications.

Your altitude above sea level and the location and construction materials in your home can also can influence your background dose. For example: In Denver, the background dose is about twice the dose in San Francisco.

B) Internal verses External Exposure

External exposure is the passage of particulate or EM radiation into tissue from outside the body. Internal exposure results from isotopes which have been deposited inside the body.

Internal deposition can only result from one of the four entry pathways: ingestion, inhalation,absorption through the skin and skin punctures.

The biological half-life of any deposited isotope is determined by its residence time in the body, and varies with the chemical nature of the element.

The effective half-life is determined by the relationship between the biological half-life and the physical half-life. The effective half-life is used in calculating the absorbed dose to tissue from a deposited isotope.

C) Acute verses Chronic Doses and Effects

Chronic radiation doses are received over many years. The biological effects of chronic whole body doses up to regulatory limits (150 Rem over 30 years) have proven undetectable and may not exist.

Acute radiation doses are received in a few hours. The biological effects of acute whole body doses under 10 Rem have proven undetectable and may not exist. At acute doses of 10 to 75 Rem, temporary changes in blood cell chromosomes have been observed.

At acute doses of 75 to 300 Rem biological effects include erythema (skin reddening), and acute radiation syndrome (ARS - loss of hair, nausea, dehydration and possible death) have been observed. The LD 50/30 for humans (the lethal dose for 50% of a population exposed within 30 days without medical treatment) is 300 to 350 Rem.

At an acute dose of 550 Rem, 99% of those exposed may die.

D) Somatic verses Genetic Effects

Somatic effects occur in the person receiving the radiation dose. Somatic effects can be caused by acute or chronic exposure. Cancer is a somatic effect identified with radiation exposure.

Genetic effects occur in the descendants of the person receiving the radiation dose. Genetic effects can be caused by acute or chronic exposure. Mental retardation is a genetic effect identified with radiation exposure.

The BEIR V (Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation) report (1990) from the National Academy of Sciences uses information from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors to estimate somatic and genetic effects of radiation exposure.

It is estimated that the normal lifetime probability of cancer induction is about 25% from causes other than radiation exposure. The BEIR V report estimates that the probability of additional cancer risk is about 0.08%/Remfor continuous lifetime exposure.

The BEIR V report, also estimates the increased risk of mental retardation at 0.4%/Rem of fetal exposure during the 8 to 15 week segment of the gestation period.

E) Radiation Risk Models and the ALARA Concept

Because of the uncertainty of human health effects at low radiation doses, a number of dose/response models have been proposed. See the Appendix for a diagram of these models.

The linear model of dose response assumes a direct relationship between radiation dose and effects down to zero exposure.

The quadratic model indicates there may be limited risk present a low doses.

The threshold model assumes a "threshold" dose of about 10 Rem must be received in order to see any effects.

Most experts and regulators agree that the linear model presents the safest assumption of the risk relationship for radiation exposure. This view drives the ALARA concept which aims at keeping radiation exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

F) Risk verses Benefit

While there are no unique risks associated with radiation exposure, it is well understood that there are substantial benefits resulting from radiation use.

A table of risks from radiation exposure as compared to "acceptable" risks in modern life can be found in the Appendix. This table rates radiation exposure as a limited risk compared to the risk of driving a car, smoking, swimming, etc.

V) ALLOWED OCCUPATIONAL AND NON-OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION DOSES

The allowed Total Effective Dose Equivalents (TEDEs) are published in Title 17, CCR (California Code of Regulations). The TEDEs includes both the external dose (from dosimeters) and internal dose (from bioassays):

• The occupational (whole body) TEDE is not allowed to exceed 5,000 mRem/year or 1,250 mRem/qtr.
• The (shallow) dose to the skin of the whole body is not allowed to exceed 50,000 mRem/year or 12,500 mRem/qtr.
• The dose to the extremities (hands and forearms, feet and ankles) is not allowed to exceed 50,000 mRem/year or 12,500 mRem/qtr.
• The dose to the lens of the eye is not allowed to exceed 15,000 mRem/year or 3,750 mRem/qtr.
• The dose to any individual organ is not allowed to exceed 50,000 mRem/year or 12,500 mRem/qtr.
• The fetal TEDE is not allowed to exceed 500 mRem during the 9 month gestation period.
• The (whole body) TEDE for the general population is not allowed to exceed 100 mRem/year.

VI) RADIATION CONTROL METHODOLOGY

A) The ALARA Concept

Simply stated, the ALARA concept is the practice of maintaining radiation exposures to levels As Low As Reasonably Achievable. This philosophy is the basis of modern radiation protection.

B) Limiting External Radiation Exposure

The three basic elements to be considered in an external radiation protection program are time, distance, and shielding.

Radiation field measurements are always expressed as a rate, i.e. mRem/hr (or cpm). The amount of time spent in a radiation field should be kept to the minimum required to perform the task.

EM radiation follows the inverse square law. The intensity of the radiation field decreases with inverse square of the distance from the source. For example, standing twice as far from a source will reduce the radiation field intensity to 1/4 (22) of the original intensity.

Maintain the maximum distance possible from EM radiation sources that will still allow the work to be done. From a point source (such as a vial), a distance of a few centimeters will greatly reduce the dose to the extremities. Particulate radiations (alpha, beta and neutrons) obey the inverse square law but also have finite absorption ranges. While it is appropriate to maintain the maximum distance possible from particulate radiation sources, shielding is more effective in reducing dose. For particulate radiation, use a thickness of shielding at least 10% greater than the particle range in the shielding material.

Shielding is used to reduce field intensity by attenuating the energy of the radiation. Always use the appropriate shielding for the isotope being used.

C) Preventing Internal Radiation Exposure

Radioactive material (RAM) contamination is defined as: RAM dispersed in materials or places where it is unwanted.

Contamination may enter the body through four routes (or paths) of intake. These are: ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption, and through skin punctures.

Contamination control measures are used with all unsealed isotopes to prevent deposition of the isotope in the body.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Is used to prevent contamination of skin or clothing. PPE is required when handling unsealed RAM.

Lab coat - With sleeves long enough to cover the arms to the wrists, and long enough to cover the torso to the thighs. Wear with the closures fastened. Worm to protect the arms and torso.

Eye Protection - Worn to protect the eyes from splashes of radioactive and other hazardous materials.

Close Toed Shoes, Long Pants or a Long Dress - Worn to protect the feet and legs from splashes.

Disposable Gloves - Worn to protect the skin of the hands and wrists. Most effective if two pairs are worn at a time. Change the outer pair frequently.

Appropriate Bench Coverings - Used to prevent contamination of benches and hood surfaces.

Plastic Backed Disposable Paper - Defines and protects the RAM work area. "CAUTION - RAM" tape is used to secure the paper in place with the plastic side down. Replaced whenever damaged or contaminated.

Containment Trays - These shallow trays are used to contain RAM spills. They are available with disposable plastic liners to insure ease of decontamination.

Double Containment - Is the use of secondary containers (of sufficient volume) to contain all of the liquid should a RAM spill occur.

Liquid Waste Storage Cans - Used to store liquid radwaste, these metal cans are available from the campus storehouse.

Transport Containers - Usually a deep plastic tray with a snap fitting lid. Used to contain RAM being transported between laboratories.

Use of Disposables - It may be preferable to use disposable plastic pipette tips, petri dishes, centrifuge tubes, etc. to prevent problems associated with the decontamination of glassware.

Will adversely affect the minimization of radioactive waste generation in the lab.

Appropriate Handling Tools - Serve the dual purpose of reducing hand contamination while reducing extremity dose. Includes tweezers, forceps, tongs, and shielded containers.

Laboratory Hygiene - Restrict eating, drinking, and use of cosmetics to areas at least 1 meter distant from RAM use or storage. Food and drink cannot be stored in refrigerators, freezers or cold rooms used for RAM storage. The best practice is to isolate food and RAM to separate rooms.

Trial Runs - Contamination can be prevented during experimental procedures by performing trial runs first with non-radioactive materials. Colored water works well because "contaminated" droplets show up easily.

Marking and Labeling - An essential contamination control measure. ALL RAM USE AREAS, EQUIPMENT, AND STORAGE CONTAINERS MUST BE MARKED WITH THE RADIATION TRIFOIL SYMBOL. Failure to mark RAM with the trifoil symbol is the most common cause of contamination spread.

Contamination Monitoring Methods - Radiation monitoring is required whenever RAM is being used. Failure to use these methods often result in a spread of contamination.

Survey Meter Monitoring - With the exception of tritium, virtually all beta and gamma emitters can be detected with a GM (Geiger Mueller) survey meter. GM survey meters are used to determine the rough location and gross nature of contamination. The appropriate GM survey method is to position the probe surface 1 to 2 cm. above the suspected surface and then slowly "paint" the area, listening for variations in the click rate.

Wipe monitoring - This method is used with all isotopes, and is the only reliable method for quantitative determination of contamination levels. Contamination levels are normally expressed in cpm/100 cm2. Wipe methods involve wiping a surface with an wipe material (filter paper or Q-tips are favorites) and then counting the wipe in the LSC. A background (uncontaminated) wipe is counted as a blank control.

Record Keeping - Documentation is maintained on all surveys performed. The wipe analysis data is related to a survey map by means of numbers so that areas found to be contaminated can be identified and decontaminated. Records should be maintained until the RUA is terminated. The records should then be returned to ORS.

Decontamination - Decontamination of equipment or skin can be performed with simple soap and water washing. Decontaminate in a sink marked for RAM release to the sanitary sewer.

Emergencies - Report personnel or floor contamination incidents to ORS immediately. Isolate any RAM spill area to prevent the spread of contamination. Keep all involved personnel near the area until ORS staff respond to assist you. THE MOST IMPORTANT THING TO REMEMBER ABOUT A CONTAMINATION EMERGENCY IS TO CALL ORS RIGHT AWAY. The ORS office number is 3-8414. After hours call 9-911 and ask for UCB ORS.

D) Dosimetry

Dosimeters are small wearable devices that monitor and record your radiation dose. Your RUA may not require dosimetry.

Assigned dosimeters must be worn whenever in the presence of RAM or Radiation Producing Machines. Store dosimeters in an uncontaminated area free from radiation fields when they are not being worn.

Dosimeters must be exchanged on a timely basis. Report lost or contaminated dosimeters to ORS as soon as possible.

E) Radioisotope Handling Methods

Detailed information on handling specific isotopes can be found in "The Handbook for Safe Use of Radioisotopes" which appears as an appendix to the campus "Radiation Safety Manual."

F) Posting and labeling of Radiation Use Locations

Controlled areas are designated by a RAM Area sign. Uncontrolled areas cannot exceed a whole body dose rate of 2.0 mR/hr, 100 mR/week, or 500 mR/yr.

Posted Radiation Areas may have whole body dose rates between 5 and 100 mR/hr. High Radiation Areas may have whole body dose rates between 100 and 5000 mR/hr.

VII) UCB RADIATION SAFETY PROGRAM DOCUMENTS

You should read and be familiar with the documents in items A through E below. These documents define and explain the UCB Radiation Safety Program. If you are interested in the California regulations, copies of the Title 17, California Radiation Control Regulations and the UCB Radioactive Materials License are available for review at the Office of Radiation Safety (ORS), 3rd Floor University Hall (3-8414).

A) A copy of the campus Radiation Safety Manual is available from your Principle Investigator (PI) or Lab Contact. This document gives instructions on how to obtain, modify or terminate an RUA. In the back of the manual is a copy of the Handbook for the Safe Use of Radioisotopes.

This handbook gives specific information on precautions used in handling I-125, P-32, C-14, S-35 and H-3.

B) The laboratories RUA (Radiation Use Authorization) document should be posted in your work area. This document gives detailed information on the isotope(s) and activity of RAM authorized, the persons allowed to use the RAM, and the specific safety precautions required for their use.

C) A copy of the campus Radiation Safety Logbook is available from your Principle Investigator (PI) or Lab Contact. The logbook gives specific information on the UCB Radiation Safety Program.

D) The Radiation Safety Procedure Poster (yellow poster) should be found posted in all areas designated on the RUA. The poster covers the basics of using RAM at UCB.

E) The Notice to Employees should be found posted in a conspicuous location in all buildings in which RAM is used. The poster covers the rights and responsibilities of RAM users under California law.

1) Intrabeam viewing of laser beams is not allowed on campus.

2) Never look directly into any laser beam for any reason.

3) Enclose the laser beam path whenever possible.

4) Use appropriate laser protective eyewear for all laser beam alignments (see below).

5) Restrict unauthorized access to laser facilities.

6) Do not operate lasers at sitting or standing eye level.

7) Shield all laser light pumping sources.

8) Remove all reflective or combustible materials from the beam path.

9) Use diffuse (non-reflective) beam stops, barriers and enclosures.

10) Use low beam power (or an alignment laser) for alignments.

11) Remove all keys from interlocks when the laser is not in operation.

12) Alert persons in the area when the beam is operating.

13) Be aware of and protect users from all non-beam hazards.

14) Never override any laser system safety interlock.

1) Mark all laser facility entrances with an ANSI laser hazard sign.

2) Complete, sign, and return a laser safety training certificate to ORS.

3) Report all accidents or suspected eye injuries to ORS.

4) Eye exams may be required for Class 3b and 4 laser users.

5) Inform ORS of any transfer or sale of lasers.

6) Laser facilities are inspected periodically by ORS.

7) Inform ORS of any new, modified or relocated lasers.

8) Call ORS at 3-9566 any time you need laser safety assistance.

Even if you are wearing laser protective eyewear, never look directly into any laser beam. Intrabeam viewing of lasers is not allowed except with the direct permission of the Laser Safety Committee. Contact the Laser Safety Officer if you feel that aligning your laser requires intrabeam viewing.

The LUR document for each laser indicates if laser protective eyewear is required for alignment or use of the laser. If laser protective eyewear is required, the LUR specifies the OD (optical density) at the laser wavelength(s) being used. The OD specified is the minimum OD sufficient to protect the user against a momentary intrabeam or specular reflection exposure.

For visible lasers, the minimum OD required to protect the user against intrabeam viewing should allow the viewing of a diffuse spot on a light colored surface. If the laser protective eyewear has an OD much larger than the specified minimum OD, it may be impossible to properly view a diffuse beam spot (or even see properly in the laser facility).

In some instances (visible lasers from 400 - 450 nm and 650 - 700 nm), it may be preferable to reduce the OD below the specified intrabeam minimum OD to better view a diffuse spot. Reducing the OD by 1 or 2 should substantially improve viewing while still offering adequate eye protection (the intrabeam OD has a X10 safety margin calculated into the value which includes the human aversion (blink) response). Reducing the specified OD by a number greater than 2 may reduce the protection factor enough to allow eye injury should a specular reflection be viewed accidentally.

For invisible lasers, the minimum OD for intrabeam viewing should not be reduced as OD reduction will not aid in viewing the beam. Instead, the laser protective eyewear should be chosen to allow the wavelength produced by the viewing aid to be transmitted while absorbing the invisible beam. For example: a Nd:YAG beam at 1064 nm is being aligned with the use of an IR sensing card which absorbs some of the 1064 nm radiation and emits radiation at 550 nm. The calculated intrabeam OD for the Nd:YAG is 6.0. A good choice for laser protective eyewear would be a goggle with a UVEX type 06 filter (an OD of 8+ at 1064 nm and an OD of less than 1 at 400 to 700 nm). This goggle has a visible light transmission of 70% and should allow the diffuse spot to be easily viewed while giving excellent protection from the invisible Nd:YAG beam. NOTE: this eyewear would obviously not be a good choice if the Nd:YAG beam was frequency doubled to 532 nm.

All laser protective eyewear should have a visible light transmission (VLT) sufficient to allow safe operation in the laser facility. ORS recommends a VLT of at least 35%. Laser protective eyewear with a low VLT will generally not be worn by users and so cannot provide any protection.

If you have additional questions on laser protective eyewear or any other laser safety issue, please contact ORS at 643-8414.

Hazard Report Forms are available outside Rm. 4108 Etcheverry Hall. The Department Safety Committee will investigate promptly and arrange for whatever corrective action may be necessary. In the event of an imminent hazard which cannot be corrected immediately, the safety committee chair or building manager will arrange to post warning notices or limit access to the area.

ENSURING COMPLIANCE WITH THE IIPP

Every department employee has the responsibility to comply with all applicable regulations, campus policy, and departmental safety procedures. Adherence to the requirements of the IIPP should be included in each assessment of job perfomance. Oustanding performance in maintenance of a safe and healthful work environment will be noted in performance evaluations.

Standard progressive disciplinary measures in accordance with the applicable personnel policy or labor contract will result when employees fail to comply with applicable regulations, campus policy, and/or departmental safety procedures. Employees will be given ample opportunity to correct unsafe behavior. Repeated failure to comply, or willful and intentional non-compliance, may result in disciplinary measures up to and including termination.

Employees will not be discriminated against for work-related injuries or illnesses, and injuries will not be included in assessments of job performance, unless they were a result of an act violating established safety procedures or otherwise improper behavior.

CAMPUS RESOURCES

A number of University programs and service organizations have been established to address injury and illness prevention and to maintain and promote a safe and healthful work environment for the campus community. A list is provided below, please use the Campus Telephone Directory for up-to-date telephone numbers.

• Office of Emergency Preparedness - For information on disaster preparedness 642-9036
• Office of Environment, Health & Safety - For information on various safety topics, including hazard evaluations and employee training 642-3073
• Office of Radiation Safety - For information on radioactive materials and lasers 643-8414
• Office of Risk Management - For safety issues that may generate lawsuits against the University 642-5141
• Office of the Academic Ombudsperson - Assistance for academic appointees in dealing with supervisory issues 642-4226
• Office of the Ombudsperson for Staff - Assistance for staff employees in dealing with supervisory issues 642-7823
• Personnel Office - For information on personnel policies and labor contracts 642-9046
• Physical Plant - Campus Services - For installation and repair of facility safety equipment 642-1032
• Student Life Advising Services - Assistance for student employees 642-7224
• The Chancellor's Office - For information on campus policies 642-2331
• UC Police Department - For information on personal security at the workplace 642-6760
• University Health Services - For assistance on various topics, including psychological counseling, medical evaluations and treatment, ergonomic issues, worksite wellness, and Workers' Compensation programs 642-2000